Human races

Human races

Carl was not a geneticist by training or at heart, and although cognizant of horizontal gene transfer, saw it as a creative force at the beginning of cellular evolution (the ‘progenote’ stage), not as a challenge to defining the ‘true’ relationships between living things now. Most of the phylogenetic community still holds Carl’s belief as foundational. Nor was he, as Mayr complained, a card-car...

Description of the human races: A historical perspective

Arms Races and Car Races

Evolutionary car racing (ECR) is extended to the case of two cars racing on the same track. A sensor representation is devised, and various methods of evolving car controllers for competitive racing are explored. ECR can be combined with co-evolution in a wide variety of ways, and one aspect which is explored here is the relative-absolute fitness continuum. Systematical behavioural differences ...

Sister-chromatid exchange in 4 human races.

Sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) are the result of apparent exchanges of DNA between chromatids and may be visualized in metaphase chromosomes after growth of cells for 2 cycles in bromodeoxyuridine and appropriate staining procedures. The frequency of SCEs is thought to be a sensitive indicator of genetic instability and early chromosome changes (Perry and Evans, 1975; Solomon and Bobrow, 1975...

Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective

Race is generally used as a synonym for subspecies, which traditionally is a geographically circumscribed, genetically differentiated population. Sometimes traits show independent patterns of geographical variation such that some combination will distinguish most populations from all others. To avoid making "race" the equivalent of a local population, minimal thresholds of differentiation are i...